Disordered articulation, including dysfunctions of the lips, jaw, and tongue in stuttering.Disordered vocal folds, including high levels of muscle activity or muscle tension poor laryngeal too late or holding tension too long and poor coordination of laryngeal muscles, e.g., incompatible contractions of opposing muscles.Disordered breathing, including antagonism between abdominal (belly) and thoracic (upper chest) respiratory muscles complete cessation of breathing, and interrupting exhalation with inhalation.Speech is our most complex, balanced neuromuscular activity. Each word requires a different configuration of most of those muscles. The average person speaks about 150 words per minute. Speech requires coordination of over 100 muscles. You just modify airflow with your articulation muscles. When you whisper, you don't vibrate your vocal folds. Other consonants are voiceless, such as /p/ and /t/, produced by your articulation muscles modifying airflow, without your vocal folds vibrating. Vowels and voiced consonants (such as /b/ and /d/) are produced by your vocal folds, and modified by your articulation muscles (jaw, lips, tongue). Your jaws and lips, collectively called the articulation muscles, modify your voice into intelligible speech. The unique shape of these spaces makes each of our voices sound unique. This is like the echoing of a cathedral or tunnel. Above your pharynx are your oral and nasal cavities. ![]() The space in your throat above your larynx is called the pharynx. But that's what stutterers do when they talk, and it's not a good idea. Similarly, tires inflated to high pressure can carry a heavier car. By blocking your larynx muscles, you increase lung pressure, which strengthens your chest and you can lift more weight. If you tense your vocal folds too much, you block off your throat and stop air from escaping your lungs. ![]() Stuttering is largely a disorder of poorly coordinated speech production muscles. The key word in that last sentence was coordination. Instead, phonation results from the coordination of respiration muscles with slight tensing of your vocal fold muscles. Vocal fold vibration is the only muscle activity that your brain doesn't directly control. This is too fast for your brain to control. Women vibrate their vocal folds about 200 Hz. If you place your fingers across the front of your throat, then hum or talk, you can feel your vocal folds vibrating.Īdult men vibrate their vocal folds about 125 Hz (125 times per second). It's also called the fundamental frequency of your voice. If you tense these muscles slightly, and release a little air, your vocal folds vibrate. Your vocal folds are a pair of small muscles in your larynx. Next, you release air through your throat, past your vocal folds (also called vocal cords). ![]() Your lung pressure and respiration muscle tension increase. ![]() You expand your upper chest and your diaphragm (belly) to get all this air in. Your lungs fill with air, more air than you would inhale if you weren't talking. Speech begins with breathing, also called respiration. Core Stuttering Behaviors How Fluent Speech Is Produced
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